Bitter Orange Flower
Citrus × aurantium L.
Bitter orange flowers are intensely fragrant, white, star-shaped blooms with 5 petals. These blossoms produce the highly prized Neroli essential oil and orange flower water used in perfumery, aromatherapy, and cuisine.
Rutaceae (Citrus family)
April to June, with fragrant flowers appearing before and during fruit development
Symbolism & Meanings
Key Meanings
Perfect For
Color Meanings
Similar flowers: sweet orange flowers and lily (true lily)s also share similar meanings.
Cultural Significance
Bitter orange blossoms have been sacred to brides for centuries and remain traditional in wedding bouquets and head wreaths. The name "Neroli" comes from Anna Maria de la Tremoille, Princess of Nerola, Italy, who made the oil famous in the 17th century by perfuming her gloves with it. In Victorian flower language, orange blossoms symbolized purity and chastity. The flowers are essential for French and Middle Eastern cuisines, especially in pastries and orange blossom water. In perfumery, Neroli is one of the most precious essential oils. The bitter orange became the rootstock of choice for citrus cultivation due to disease resistance.Shop Our Floral Collection
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Physical Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Growing Guide
Sunlight
Full sun with early morning sunlight during growing season
Water
Moderate; water regularly during growing season, allow soil to dry between watering
Soil
Well-drained, Loamy, Clay, pH 5-8, Tolerates alkaline soils
Expert Growing Tips
More cold-hardy than sweet orange, survives short freezes to 26°F
Requires 50-100 hours of winter chilling
Propagates readily from seed
Dislike root disturbance, place in permanent location when young
Flowers are highly fragrant especially in evening
Uses & Benefits
Ornamental Uses
- Specimen tree in gardens
- Rootstock for other citrus varieties
- Perfume production (Neroli oil)
- Container growing in colder zones
- Commercial cultivation for essential oils
Traditional Uses
- Neroli oil used in aromatherapy for anxiety and stress relief
- Orange flower water aids digestion and nervous system
- Flowers used in traditional medicine for fever and inflammation
- Essential oil has antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties
- Peel used in traditional medicine for appetite and dyspepsia
Disclaimer: Information provided is for educational purposes only. Consult healthcare professionals before using any plant medicinally.
Further Reading
Frequently Asked Questions about the Bitter Orange Flower
What is Neroli oil and where does it come from?
Neroli oil is an essential oil distilled from bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) flowers. It takes about 1,000 pounds of flowers to produce 1 pound of Neroli oil, making it one of the most precious essential oils in perfumery.
Why are orange blossoms traditional in weddings?
Orange blossoms symbolize purity, chastity, and eternal love, making them traditional in bridal bouquets for centuries. The Victorian language of flowers associated them with innocence and good fortune in marriage.
What is orange flower water?
Orange flower water is the by-product of steam distilling bitter orange blossoms to make Neroli oil. It is widely used in French and Middle Eastern cuisines, especially in desserts, and has calming aromatherapy properties.
Is bitter orange the same as sweet orange?
No, bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) produces sour, bitter fruit used for marmalade, while sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) produces the sweet eating oranges. Bitter orange is hardier and commonly used as rootstock.
Available Colors
Quick Facts
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